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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean CLKs' awareness and capacity to draw on relational affordances, as well as learner-internal elements, were important. Researchers from TS & ZL, for example mentioned their relationship with their local professor as the primary reason for their decision to stay clear of criticising a strict prof (see examples 2). This article examines all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on key practical issues, including: Discourse Construction Tests The discourse completion test (DCT) is a widely used instrument in pragmatic research. It has many strengths but it also has a few drawbacks. The DCT is one example. It is unable to account for cultural and individual differences. Additionally the DCT is prone to bias and could cause overgeneralizations. As a result, it must be carefully analyzed before using it for research or for assessment purposes. Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a valuable tool to study the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. The ability to manipulate social variables that affect the manner of speaking in two or more steps could be a strength. This feature can help researchers understand the role of prosody in communicating across cultural contexts, a major challenge in cross-cultural pragmatics. In the field of linguistics the DCT is now one of the primary tools for analyzing learners' behaviors in communication. It can be used to study many issues, such as the manner of speaking, turn-taking and lexical choices. It can also be used to determine the phonological difficulty of learners their speech. A recent study used a DCT to assess EFL students' ability to resist. The participants were given an array of scenarios and asked to choose the appropriate response from the options offered. The authors found the DCT to be more efficient than other methods of refusal, such as videos or questionnaires. Researchers cautioned, however, that the DCT must be employed with caution. They also suggested using other data collection methods. DCTs can be designed with specific linguistic criteria, such as form and content. These criteria are intuitive and based on the assumptions of test developers. They are not necessarily precise, and they could incorrectly describe the way in which ELF learners actually reject requests in actual interactions. This issue requires more investigation into alternative methods of measuring refusal competence. In a recent study, DCT responses to student requests via email were compared with the responses from an oral DCT. The results showed that the DCT encouraged more direct and conventionally indirect request forms and made a less frequent use of hints than email data did. Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs) This study investigated Chinese learners their pragmatic choices when they use Korean. It used a variety of experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews. The participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate who participated in MQs, DCTs and RIs. They were also required to provide reflections on their opinions and refusals in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often resisted native Korean pragmatic norms, and their choices were influenced by four main factors that included their personalities, multilingual identities, their ongoing life histories, and relational benefits. These findings have implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching. The MQ data was analyzed first to determine the participants' practical choices. The data were categorized according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared the choices with their linguistic performance on the DCTs in order to determine if they were indicative of pragmatic resistance. In addition, the interviewees were asked to explain their choices of behavior in a given situation. The findings of the MQs and DCTs were then examined using descriptive statistics and z-tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic terms such as “sorry” or “thank you”. This is likely due to their lack experience with the target languages, leading to an inadequate understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results showed that the CLKs' preferences for converging to L1 norms or dissociating from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms differed based on the DCT situations. In Situations 3 and 12, CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms and L2 norms, while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms. The RIs showed that CLKs knew about their practical resistance to each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-toone within two days after participants completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, and then coded by two independent coders. The coding was an iterative process, in which the coders listened and discussed each transcript. The results of coding are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine whether they accurately portrayed the underlying behavior. Refusal Interviews (RIs) One of the major questions in pragmatic research is why learners are hesitant to adhere to pragmatic norms that native speakers use. A recent study attempted to answer this question using a variety of experimental tools, including DCTs MQs, DCTs and RIs. The participants consisted of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs, and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. Participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI where they were required to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT scenario. The results showed that CLKs, on average, did not follow the pragmatic norms of native speakers in more than 40 percent of their responses. They did this despite the fact that they could produce native-like patterns. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their decisions to learner-internal factors like their personalities and multilingual identities as well as ongoing lives. They also mentioned external factors such as relational affordances. They also discussed, for instance how their interactions with their professors helped them to perform better in terms of the linguistic and social norms at their university. The interviewees expressed their concern about the social pressures or consequences they could face when their social norms were not followed. They were worried that their native friends might perceive them as “foreignersand consider them unintelligent. This concern was similar to those voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009). These findings suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are no longer the norm for Korean learners. They may still be useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should consider reassessing the applicability of these tests in various cultural contexts and specific situations. This will help them better understand the effects of different cultural contexts on the classroom behavior and interactions of students in L2. 프라그마틱 환수율 will also help educators create better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor for Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based out of Seoul. Case Studies The case study method is an investigative strategy that relies on participant-centered, deep studies to study a specific subject. It is a method that uses multiple data sources to support the findings, including interviews or observations, documents and artifacts. This type of investigation can be used to study specific or complicated subjects that are difficult for other methods to measure. The first step in the case study is to clearly define the subject matter and the purpose of the study. This will help determine which aspects of the subject matter are essential for research and which can be omitted. It is also beneficial to study the literature that is relevant to the subject to gain a greater understanding of the topic and to place the case study within a larger theoretical context. This case study was built on an open-source platform called the KMMLU Leaderboard [50] as well as its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this experiment showed that L2 Korean learners were highly dependent on the influence of native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answers which were literal interpretations. This was a departure from the correct pragmatic inference. They also showed a strong tendency of adding their own words or “garbage” to their responses. This also lowered the quality of their responses. The participants of this study were L2 Korean students who had reached the level of four in the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second year of university and were hoping to reach level six by their next attempt. They were required to answer questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, as well as pragmatic awareness and comprehension. The interviewees were presented two scenarios, each of which involved a hypothetical interaction with their co-workers and asked to choose one of the following strategies to employ when making an inquiry. They were then asked to explain the reasons behind their decision. Most of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personality. TS for instance stated that she was difficult to approach and would not ask about the wellbeing of her colleague when they were working at a high rate, even though she thought native Koreans would.